Binndi Pulaar

Toɓɓere faayiida ɗemngal he nder nehdi (jaŋde), ko toɓɓere duketeende gila nde leyɗeele Afrik, Asii, e Worgo-Amerik (Amerique du Sud) gonnooɗe he les njiimaandi koloñaal keɓti ndimaagu mum en dawrugol. He wallifannde nde UNESCO yaltini gila 1953, ene teeŋtina faayiida nehde sukaaɓe he ɗemɗe mum neenewiije. He ciimtol winndereyeewol ngam rewindo eɓɓande “Nehdi ko joojannde mo woni kala”, (education pour tous) ngol UNESCO yaltini he 2005, ene teeŋtina wonnde ɗemngal ngal leydi (renndo) suɓii ngam waɗde jannginirngal, e dawrugol mum ɗemɗiyankeewol he nder jannginirɗe ene jogii rewam mawɗam he moƴƴugol jaŋnde ndee e jahrugol mayre yeeso.

  Ko ene wona hikka duuɓi 70, gila nde wallifannde UNESCO arawannde ndee yalti (1953),  binndannɗe goɗɗe keewɗe e defte keewɗe mbinndaama he ko yowitii he toɓɓere nde; batuuji keewɗi njooɗiima, kadi nanondire keewɗe e wasiyaaji keewɗi mbaɗaama heen; jarribooji keewɗi kam e annduɓe fanniiɓe tabitinii ɓural mawngal gonngal e huwtoraade ɗemɗe ngenndiije (neenewiije) nokkuure ndee ngam jannginde (nehde) renndo mum en. Kono ɗuum fof haɗaani, leyɗeele Afrik nana njokki huwtoraade ɗemɗe leyɗeele jiimnooɗe ɗum en ngam jannginirde e waɗde ɗum en liggorɗe he nder kala gollorɗe laamuuji leyɗeele mum en. Aduna Allah oo hannde, haa fiiltii, ko he jookdu Afrik tan sukaaɓe puɗortoo jaŋde tawa ko he ɗemngal ngal ɓe nanataa.

Jaalagol Ɗemɗe Araniyeeje he dow Renndooji janani he nder Daartol

 Ene teskaa he nder daartol, gila dawaa dawi, sahaa fof ene waɗa pine ƴellitiiɗe ɗe ɗemɗe mum en ene njaaloo he dow leñɗi goɗɗi. He ndiin mbaydi, ene teskaa ɗemɗe keewɗe ndowliino sabu pinal joom-mum en jaalaade he nder wertaango yaajgo haa njalti nehaande mum en, njettoyi diwanuuji goɗɗi goɗɗuɗi. Yimɓe ɗiin nokkuuji mbaɗti huwtoraade ngaal ɗemngal ngam faggitaade ganndal e pinal. Ko he ndiin mbaydi ɗemngal Gerek e ɗemngal latin, njaalorinoo he nder Orop fof, e huunde e Afrik (Egypte e Carthage) e Fuɗnaage-Ɓadiiɗo (Siri, Palastiin, e Jordaani). Ko hono noon ne kadi ɗemngal Farsi (Iran) kanum ne jaalinooma he wertaango yaajngo he tuma nde laamɓe Safawid (Safavid dynasty) ndoolnunoo ndee (tm. 16^ɓre -18^ɓre). Laamu maɓɓe ene renndinnoo dowla Iran hannde o, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, e huunde he hakkundeere Asii (Asie Central).

  Caggal nde Islaam naati haa sarii he nder jookli aduna ɗii kala, ɗemngal Arab wonti ɗemngal winndereyeewal, ƴoogi pine kadi eggi gannde mooftinooɗe he nder ɗeen pine ganniije, kanum ne jogti araaraay pinal winndere (ƴeew winndannde men e Dar al-Hikmah). Hakke duuɓi 800, tuggude he tm.7^ɓre haa tm.15^ɓre,  ko Arabeere wonnoo ɗemngal nganndiwal (science) filosofii, fiɓndewal (théologie), ñawndiwal (medecine) Hiisiwal (mathematics), mbewu (astronomie), e denndaangal gannde goɗɗe ganndanooɗe he ɗiin yontaaji. Ngal jaalii he ko ɓuri heewde he nder Asii, Afrik e Orop. He oon tuma, gaagaa julɓe (muslim en) aduna ɓee kala ɓe ngannduɗaa ko Arabeere wonnoo ɗemngal mum en diinewal, kono hay leñɗi goɗɗi keewɗi, ko wayno Nasraanyankooɓe Oropnaaɓe walla Yahuudiyankooɓe e Hinndu en, ene kuwtortonoo ɗemngal Arab ngal ngam janngude gannde ɗe kaalɗen dow ɗe. He oon tuma tawi ko ɗemɗe Oropnaaje loownooɗe pine mawɗe ɗe, ko wayno Gerek e Latin, maaytii. Pine e gannde ɗe ɗeen ɗemɗe marnoo ɗee kala tawi njeebaama, ɗemɗe ɗee e koye mum en tawi natti jogaade faayiida mo njoginoo  he nder Orop o. Ɗe ngontii no duɗal doosngal walla mbiyen mboorka ɓuuɓtuka ni. Kono caggal mum, hedde tm.15^ɓre, peete goɗɗe njaɓyaɓti he les ndoondi ɗiin mboorkaaji njeynoyii Orop fof, naattini he mum nguurndam kesam e yakawere heser. Pawti Orop he dow laawol ƴellitaare pinal e ganndal, ndokki ɗum ɓamtaare faggudu. Itti Oropnaaɓe he nder jamma niɓɓo mo ɓe njoolinoo he ɗoyli majjere fotde teemedanɗe limti-limtinɗe.  Tawi oon dumunna fof alaa ko ɓe kiilninoo so wonaa hareeji duumiiɗi, jibinanɗiɓe baasal caɗtungal, heegeeji muusɗi e ñawuuji boomooji.

  Ɗeen peete lewñitɗe he les ndoondi Gerek e Latin, woni ɗemɗe ɗe ɓe noddiratnoo “les langues vernaculaires”, ɗuum woni ɗemɗe puuyɗe ɗe mbinndetaake njanngetaake, kuwtortee tan ko he nokkuuji dowri, ɗo yimɓe mum ngalaa pinal ƴellitiingal. Ɗeen ngoni ɗemngal Farayse hannde ngal, Italiyankoore, Españool e Purtugees. Walla ɗemɗe ɗe ɓe noddiratnoo “les langues barbare”, ko wayno ɗemɗe gontuɗe Engele e Almaare hannde ɗe.

                 Sabaabuji  Nguun Mbayliigu

Ene jeyaa e sababuuji ɗemɗe ɗe kaalɗen dow ɗee ƴellitaade haa woni sabaabu ɗemngal Gerek e ɗemngal Latin maayde, ko wonnde pine ɗe ɗeen ɗemɗe ɗiɗi tammbinoo ɗee taw fuɗɗiima hidaade, wonti ko yimɓe seeɗa tan keertori ɗum en he nder renndooji Orop. Ɓeen woni ko ɓe mbiyata “les elites”, suɓaaɓe walla mbiyen yimɓe dowrowɓe, ko wayno laamɓe e mawɓe diineeji en walla ɓesnguuji seeɗe tamnooɓe ngalu e faggudu Orop fof he juuɗe mum en ɓe. Keeweendi he Oropnaaɓe e yimɓe Orop mbaawaano faggitaade he ɗeen gannde nde tawno ɓe mbaawaano taraade e winndude, kadi ɓe nanataa Gerek e Latin, hayso tawii dee, so ɓe njahiino to Eglisaaji maɓɓe seernaɓe maɓɓe mbaajotonoo ɓe ko e ɗemngal Gerek(Europe de l’Est) walla Latin (Europe de l’Ouest). Heewɓe e maɓɓe paamataano hay huunde he ɗiin waajuuji saka boom taraade ko woni he defte maɓɓe dine alaa ko haali filosofii walla gannde hakkilleyankeeje. Keeweendi e yimɓe ɓee kaalatnoo ko calte walla ɗemɗe mum en diiwaneeje. Ko ɗuum waɗi nde ɓe puɗɗii  waɗtude winndude he ɗeen ɗemɗe diiwaneeje e janngude ɗemɗe maɓɓe neeniweeje, ko ndeen binndol fuɗɗii saraade he nder Orop, kadi faggitaade ganndal waawi newanaade mo woni kala. Diiwaan kala yimɓe mum mbaɗti wallifaade he ko yowitii e nguurndam mum en, gila e coñce, daari, tinndi haa e daartol nokku mum en. Ɓe mbaɗti wallifaade jime e defte pentol ɗe eɓe peeñina heen co’anɗe maɓɓe nguurndam haa e geɗe renndo, ko wayno dawrugol walla geɗe diineyankooje. Ɗuum jibinanii yimɓe Oropnaaɓe ndimaagu hesu e wellitaare hakkille; rokkiɓe lewlewal gaddanngal ɓe waawde yiyrude aduna oo he mbaydi hesiri. Nguun mabyliigu jibinii pinal kesal he nder Orop, ngal ɓe inniri yonta “jibtineede”, (La Renaissance). Konngol renaissance ngol fayndoraa heen ko wiyde Oropnaaɓe nduttiima he ngonka mum en tuma nde pinal Gerek jaalinoo he nder Orop. Yonta mo pinal e ganndal ƴellitinoo. Yonta mo jeloode mum he nder daartol wonno ko gollinde hakkille mum ngam aastoraade ɗum miijooji luggi ɓulnoo heen ganndal. Ko yonta salaade meedinaade he yiyannde hay neɗɗo gooto, hayso tawii ko ceerno jannginooɗo ma, tawa wonaa aɗa wiɗtani hoore maa haa keɓɗaa heen ko kooliɗa.

       La Renaissance Tuggude he tm. 15^ɓre haa 17^ɓre

 Hono no njiyirɗen ɗum nii, nde dillere pinal hesere anndiraande “renaissance” addunde mbayliigu patamlamu he nder Orop, reworiɗoon haa yetti he jookli aduna ɗii kala ndee, jibini ɗum ko waɗtude huwtoraade ɗemɗe Oropnaaje ɗe ngannduɗaa ko ɓuri heewde he nder Oropnaaɓe ko ɗeen nanata kadi ɗeen ɓe kaalata. Ko ɗuum woni ɗemɗe maɓɓe diiwaneeje walla mbiyen neenewiije maɓɓe. Ko adii ɗum, he nder Orop fof ko ɗemngal Gerek e ɗemngal Latin tan ngonnoo ɗemɗe paggitorɗe ganndal, ko kamɗe ngonnoo binndeteeɗe, janngirteeɗe. Ɗemngal Gerek wonnoo janngirteengal kala ko woni gannde hakkilleyankeeje (les sciences rationnelles), ko wayno filosofii, hiisiwal, mbewu e ñawndiwal, ekn. Ɗemngal latin wonnoo ɗemngal diine nasraan e ñaawoore (droit).

   Kaa ɗoo ngonka ene siftina en ngonka ka ɓurɓe heewde he leyɗeele Afrik hannde nguuri. Eɗen nganndi he nder jookdu Afrik hee kala, ko ɗemɗe koɗe (Engele, Españool, Farayse e Putugees) ngoni ɗemɗe lawakeeje (langues officielles), ko kanum en kuwtortee he gollorɗe laamu e duɗe jannginirɗe, kadi kanum en kuwtortee he jaayndeeji, rajooji e teleeji, teene dee keeweendi e ɓiyɓe Afriknaaɓe nanataa ɗeen ɗemɗe kadi mbaawa taraade ɗum en.

  Nokkuuji keewɗi he nder Afrik, ko wayno Fuuta Tooro ni, ko Islaam naati heen jooni wonii duuɓi ujunere, kono haa jooni joom-mum en ene ŋakkaa faamde diine Islaam no moƴƴi, nde tawnoo ɓe kaalantee ɗum ko he Arabeere. Ko ene wona duuɓi 1000 hannde, he nder Fuuta, kutba aljumaa waɗatee tan ko he ɗemngal Arab, etee ne dee, tawa jumaa kaa haa huuɓtidini hay gooto heen nanataa hay konngol Arab gootol ɓuri famɗude. Ɗal boom, hay almameeɓe ɓee nanataa arab. Ko kutba gooto binndaaɗo gila duuɓi teemedere ɓe taratoo he kala aljumaa. Ko hono kaaɗoo ngonka ka leyɗeele Afrik  ngoni hannde Oropnaaɓe nguurno he mum hakke duuɓi ujunere, tuggude he teemedannde 5^ɓre haa 15^ɓre. Ko ɗuum ɓe noddirta he daartol maɓɓe yonta “medieval”, ɗuum firti yonta “hakkundeejo”. Yonta ɓiliiɗo hakkunde nde pinal Gerek woni he naange hoore mum, e yonta jibtineede, woni renaissance. Won noddirooɓe ɗum kadi yonta niɓɓere (l’âge des ténèbres walla Dark Ages he anglais), nde tawnoo he ngaan saanga tawi pine mawɗe jaalinooɗe he nder Orop ɗee fof ngonno ko he ñifde e yahrude caggal. Hakkillaagal ñeeñal siŋki, fentude kesum, gila e karallaagal haa e gannde e miijooji kesi dartii. Heddii ko yimɓe ɓee nguuri tan  ko e meedinaade he miijooji mawɓe e annduɓe ɓennuɓe ko aldaa e hiñde walla ƴeewndaade. Hakkillaaji maɓɓe mbaɗti jaɓde ko hakkilla ceniiɗo fotaani jaɓde. Hono no Fuutankooɓe njaɓirta hannd jooɗaade ene keɗoo waaju (khutba) he ɗemngal ngal nanataa ni, walla no hoorejo leydi Senegaal darortoo he ayaawo habrirde ene haalda e ɓiyɓe Senegaal he ɗemngal jananiwal ngal ɓe nanataa ni. Kamɓe ne he ɗiin yontaaji, ɓe njooɗotono he nder Eglisaaji  seernaaɓe ɓee ene mbaajooɓe he ɗemngal latin, tawa keeweendi  e maɓɓe faamataa ko ɓeen kaalata.

        Firo e eggude Gannde he ɗemɗe Orop

Dillere (mouvement) pinal anndiraande renaissance ndee haaɗaano tan e wallifaade jime e winndude defte pentol he nder ɗemɗe Orop, kono kadi ɓe tafi pelle e goomuuji ngam firde gannde Gerek ɓooyma e artirde pinal wellitaare hakkille. Pinal hettude e fentude e ƴellitde ŋeeñal (art). Eɗeen nganndi, ɗeen gannde Gerek ɓooymaa taw majjiino he nder Orop gila nde semmbe laamu Rom ganni nguu ustii, diine nasraan (Chiristianisme) jaalii he dow Orop fof. Sariyaaji diine lomtii kuule laamu Rom he yoga e geɗe. Kono hayso pinal Gerek e gannde mum majjii  haa natti huwtoreede he nder Orop ne, ɗe maayani kam. Sabu he yontaaji laamiiɓe juulɓe (Kalifaaɓe) teemedannde 7^ɓre – 11^ɓre, tuma nde abbaasiyankooɓe laamii he dow dowla Islaam nde, ɓe kirjiniino e firde ɗeen gannde Gerek en e eggudeɗe, ɗe mbaɗtaa he ɗemngal Arab. Kadi he ɗiin yontaaji annduɓe juulɓe ɓee tawi ƴellitii ɗeen gannde haa daɗi ɗo Gerek en ɓe tolninoo heen ɗo. Ko ɗuum waɗi he yonta renaissance gannde gereknaaɓe naattiri Orop ko ummoraade e annduɓe juulɓe ko wayno Ibnu Siina (Avecinia), Ibnu Rushdu (Averros), Al-Faaraabii, e Al-Kinndi, ekn.

Jattinaare Seernaaɓe Nasraanyankooɓe he Mbayliigu Pinal he Orop

Eɗen ciftora wonnda momtunoo pinal Gerek kanum e pinal Rom ɓooymaa haa majji melew he nder Orop ko jaalanoode diine nasraan he nder Orop. Nde tawnoo ɓe mbiyatnoo ɗeen pine ko pine heefereeɓe (paȉenne). Ko ɗuum waɗi nde dillere renaissance ndee ummii ko kamɓe seernaaɓe nasraan en ɓee kadi ndarii lang ngam haɓaade ɗum. Yimɓe heewɓe mbaasii heen pittaali mum en sabu mum en wonde daraniiɓe hare wellitaare miijooji e ƴellitaare gannde hakkilleyankooje (les science rationnelles). Yoga heen mberlaa ko he mboorkaaji jeygol tawi ene nguuri, nduppaa haa kooñi. So en ƴettii yeru William Tyndale (1494-1536) gadinooɗo firde Bible he ɗemngal Engele o, o wardaa ko duppere. Nde tawnoo seernaaɓe nasraan en ɓee mbiyatnoo ko haala Allah ko tedduka firetaake he ɗemɗe puuyɗe, woni kala ɗemngal ngal wonaa Gerek walla Latin.Ɗuum fof noon ko sabu maɓɓe hulnoode miijooji kesi, e yiyannde aduna hesere. Yiyannde hirjinoore e hoolkisaare kala tawaaɗi, wiynde maa fof waɗtee he dow ñorgo nganndiwal westoo ɗum  seernda hakkunde goonga dallinaaɗo e nani-jaɓi mo tuugnaaki so wonaa he meedinaade he finaa-tawaaji e bidaaji yawtuɓe.